The outstanding artwork historical past professor and his pupil had completed dinner and have been strolling alongside the river in Kyoto, Japan’s picturesque former capital, once they stopped at a bar.

For months, that they had been spending a variety of time collectively, and the professor had already kissed her as soon as in a park in Tokyo. Now, after drinks, he invited her to his resort, the place that they had a sexual encounter that she mentioned was in opposition to her will. He mentioned it was consensual.

From that conflicted starting, they launched into a clandestine, decade-long relationship that included furtive conferences, volleys of amorous notes and several other journeys abroad.

Over time, the scholar got here to consider that the professor had taken benefit of the facility imbalance between them, and that she had by no means really consented to any of it.

When she lastly broke off the connection, she made an official criticism to the college and sued the professor for sexual harassment. Her argument: that he had exploited his place as her supervisor when she was 23 to groom her for intercourse, assault her after which basically maintain her underneath his sway for years.

But in a twist, she additionally discovered herself sued by the professor’s spouse, accused of adultery and inflicting psychological misery underneath Japan’s civil code, which views extramarital relationships as an infringement of the wedding contract.

In the tip, the spouse gained almost $20,000. The professor was fired final 12 months for, the college mentioned, conducting an “inappropriate relationship.” But the younger girl misplaced her case when the courtroom dominated that the professor had by no means compelled her to do something in opposition to her will.

The story of Meiko Sano, now 38; her professor, Michio Hayashi, 63; and his spouse, Machiko, 74, highlights the tangled state of sexual energy dynamics in Japan, the place girls not often carry — a lot much less win — circumstances for sexual harassment, and the place the #MeToo movement has yet to take hold as it has in the West.

Ms. Sano knew her sexual harassment swimsuit in opposition to Mr. Hayashi was a protracted shot. But she went by way of with it, she mentioned in a number of interviews, to point out how she had skilled “psychological abuse like grooming and gaslighting that Japanese are really not sure about.”

Although the case obtained muted consideration within the Japanese news media, it roiled the Japanese artwork world and tutorial neighborhood, the place, in contrast to within the United States, few universities prohibit relationships between professors and college students. At the identical time, inflexible age and standing hierarchies are culturally pervasive, making it troublesome for subordinates — particularly girls — to say no to their superiors, specialists say.

“Within Japan there is this culture where we should all try to get along,” mentioned Yukiko Sato, the director of Spring, a nonprofit advocacy group for sexual assault survivors. “So if you are asked to have sex, you might find it difficult to say no.”

In courtroom, Ms. Sano repeatedly made that argument. But Japan’s legal guidelines on sexual assault don’t point out consent, reflecting skepticism that anybody may be compelled into intercourse with out violence.

“In terms of sexual assault, there has to be a great threat and the victim has to fight back,” mentioned Mizuki Kawamoto, a lawyer who reviewed attainable amendments to the nation’s intercourse crimes legal guidelines. The present regulation, she mentioned, doesn’t defend individuals who “were coerced psychologically into saying yes.”

By distinction, legal guidelines within the United States and a few European international locations take note of {that a} sufferer could not have the ability to consent due to sickness or intoxication, or that an offender may exploit a scenario of authority.

In courtroom filings, Ms. Sano mentioned that after the primary sexual encounter with Mr. Hayashi, “since she wasn’t covered in bruises, she didn’t think of herself as a sexual abuse victim.”

The choose’s ruling, in March, acknowledged a grey zone between coercion and consent, deeming it “suitable” that Mr. Hayashi had been fired. But in tearful remarks, Ms. Sano mentioned the judgment didn’t take “into account what someone who is in a higher position than you can actually do to your psyche.”

Although Ms. Sano misplaced the case, the courtroom ordered the professor to pay her 1.28 million yen, near $9,800, to take duty for his share of the penalties imposed on her in his spouse’s lawsuit.

Tomoe Yatagawa, who lectures on gender regulation at universities in Tokyo, mentioned Mrs. Hayashi’s swimsuit may appear “a bit strange” when the marital contract was between husband and spouse, but Ms. Sano was held accountable for breaking it. But specialists say these circumstances aren’t uncommon.

Mrs. Hayashi, who declined to remark for this text, mentioned in courtroom filings that she resented her husband for committing adultery however that she didn’t consider he was responsible of sexual harassment. She accused Ms. Sano of “pushing all the responsibility of their relationship onto my husband, as if she is wholeheartedly the victim.”

Ms. Sano met the professor in 2004, when she was an undergraduate at Tokyo’s Sophia University, and enrolled in Mr. Hayashi’s artwork historical past course. He was a widely known specialist in fashionable Japanese artwork, with outspoken views on feminism and free speech.

For a very long time, their relationship was strictly tutorial. They mentioned her graduate faculty ambitions. He supplied to put in writing her a advice and helped her safe an internship.

The summer time and fall earlier than she started her graduate research in 2007, the boundaries between them started to blur as Mr. Hayashi began grooming her, she mentioned, for a romantic relationship. He invited her to common teas. She felt she couldn’t refuse.

“He would make suggestions for reading or study sessions for grad school, and it felt like he had expectations for me,” Ms. Sano mentioned. “And I felt like I couldn’t betray that.”

Some advocates say Japanese establishments like Sophia want clearer steering about relationships between college students and professors. The authorities lately referred to as on universities to offer extra details about counseling providers for sexual harassment and violence, and to reveal when disciplinary actions are taken.

“Any relationship between a supervisor or professor and a student is by definition harassment” due to “the desire to please someone in power,” mentioned Kazue Muta, a professor of sociology and gender research at Osaka University.

Mr. Hayashi, who declined to remark for this text, admitted in testimony that the connection had been “inappropriate” as a result of he was married and was Ms. Sano’s supervisor. But he mentioned Ms. Sano had consented to, and even inspired, it.

One of his major items of proof was a thanks card she and different college students despatched him after they joined him on a museum tour round central Japan the summer time earlier than Ms. Sano started graduate faculty. On the cardboard, which she wrote in English, she addressed him as “Dearest Professor H” and signed her message “xox,” a flourish not generally utilized in Japan.

“To be addressed as ‘dearest,’ in a message from a student to a professor, there is a familiarity there that is not quite normal,” Mr. Hayashi testified.

Ms. Sano mentioned she meant the word merely to point out “gratitude and thanks.”

Mr. Hayashi mentioned he and Ms. Sano “grew closer” as they frolicked collectively, in keeping with the courtroom document. Ms. Sano confided in Mr. Hayashi that she felt like an outsider in Japan after spending a lot of her childhood in England; he assured her he understood due to his expertise overseas.

In the autumn, when she started graduate faculty with Mr. Hayashi as her supervisor, she took a stroll with him in a Tokyo park. He kissed her.

“Saying no and making him look bad was out of the question,” she mentioned.

In courtroom filings and testimony, Mr. Hayashi, then 48, mentioned he believed he and Ms. Sano, then 23, have been relationship.

Ms. Sano accompanied him on the journey to Kyoto that fall, the place he was lecturing at an artwork symposium. She testified that when he requested her to affix him in his resort room, she refused him a number of instances and mentioned she ought to return to her personal room. He mentioned the choice to go to his room was mutual.

Both testified that Mr. Hayashi carried out oral intercourse on Ms. Sano, however she portrayed it as unwelcome. She mentioned she requested him repeatedly to attend — signaling resistance, she informed the courtroom. “But he kept saying, ‘It’s OK, it’s OK,’” Ms. Sano mentioned.

Over the subsequent 10 years, they repeatedly met in Tokyo at so-called love lodges, with a mixing of educational dialogue and intercourse. Mr. Hayashi reviewed Ms. Sano’s thesis at certainly one of these lodges, the courtroom filings mentioned.

Ms. Sano despatched him affectionate notes and accompanied him on journeys to France, Italy and Spain, each whereas she was underneath his supervision and after commencement. Mr. Hayashi mentioned such conduct once more proved the connection was consensual, though he acknowledged he needed to maintain it secret.

She mentioned that her conduct was an indication of indoctrination, and that she was afraid to be “rude” to her supervisor, who had authority over her future profession.

When she would attempt to finish the connection, she mentioned in courtroom filings, Mr. Hayashi would accuse her of being “paranoid” or inform her she would by no means have the ability to date anybody else. She mentioned Mr. Hayashi informed her: “You can sue me for sexual harassment if you wanted to. But you won’t because you’re not that kind of girl.”

Mr. Hayashi mentioned in courtroom filings that he by no means made these remarks or coerced Ms. Sano and that they have been merely “adults enjoying a ‘free love’ relationship.”

“I understand that I was way too naïve, and I still hate myself for it,” Ms. Sano mentioned. “There were so many times where I could have just said, ‘No,’ and run away.”

By the spring of 2018, Ms. Sano was working at an artwork gallery in Tokyo and broke off the connection for good. She slowly started to inform her household and a small circle of pals about it — and grappled with an amazing sense of disgrace. She mentioned she started slicing herself and thought of suicide.

Shusaku Sano, Ms. Sano’s eldest brother, mentioned his sister informed him she had been brainwashed. “I knew for sure that she was hurt,” he mentioned.

Haruko Kumakura, an assistant curator at a museum in Tokyo who collaborated with Ms. Sano on an exhibit, mentioned she was “disgusted” when Ms. Sano informed her about Mr. Hayashi, a determine of respect within the artwork world.

Early the subsequent 12 months, Ms. Sano contacted Mr. Hayashi’s spouse. “I just felt like I had to tell her the truth of what had happened and that I was sorry,” Ms. Sano mentioned. Ms. Sano additionally needed his spouse to know that she felt Mr. Hayashi had manipulated her.

According to courtroom filings, Mr. Hayashi confessed the connection to his spouse, who filed her swimsuit in opposition to Ms. Sano.

In an e mail that was a part of the courtroom document, Mrs. Hayashi, by way of her lawyer, wrote to Ms. Sano, “If the relationship was coerced by my husband, you could have easily filed a complaint with the university” from the beginning.

Experts in sexual harassment say it’ll take greater than authorized motion to vary the tradition.

“The commonly accepted view is that if a woman accepts a kiss or goes on a date then it’s consensual,” mentioned Ms. Muta of Osaka University, who advocates college insurance policies barring romantic relationships between professors and college students. “We are struggling to change the climate, but we are not so successful yet.”

Ms. Sano mentioned she was now in remedy, dealing with post-traumatic stress dysfunction. She lives along with her mother and father and has not been in a position to work full time since she left the artwork gallery in 2019.

One of her major objectives, she mentioned, is to get well “my ability to say no.”