Hawaiian Electric has identified for years that excessive climate was turning into a much bigger hazard, however the firm did little to strengthen its gear and didn’t undertake emergency plans used elsewhere, like being ready to chop off energy to stop fires.

Before the wildfire on Maui erupted on Aug. 8, killing greater than 100 individuals, many components of Hawaiian Electric’s operations had been displaying indicators of stress — and state lawmakers, client teams and county officers had been saying that the corporate wanted to make massive adjustments.

In 2019, Hawaiian Electric itself began citing the chance of fires. The firm mentioned that 12 months that it was learning how utilities in California had been coping with comparable threats.

Two years later, in a report about Hurricane Lane in 2018, the Maui County authorities warned of the potential that “aboveground power lines that fail, short or are low-hanging can cause fire ignition (sparks) that could start a wildfire, particularly in windy or stormy conditions.”

But it wasn’t till final 12 months that the corporate requested state regulators to authorize it to spend $190 million to strengthen energy poles and different gear — a request that’s nonetheless pending. Even when it’s accepted, the work will take a number of years to finish.

Attention turned to the corporate after the emergence of a video recorded on Aug. 8 that appeared to point out an influence line in Lahaina throwing off sparks and igniting dry grass simply hours earlier than the hearth devastated town. In addition, information from sensors owned by an organization known as Whisker Labs seem to point out main faults with the corporate’s methods simply because the wind picked up.

“This is not a highly reinforced system,” Robert McCullough, of McCullough Research, an power consulting agency in Portland, Ore., mentioned about Hawaiian Electric’s system. “It has not been hardened.”

Utility executives and regulators throughout the United States have been surprised by the ferocity and frequency of weather-related disasters lately, together with a number of main wildfires in California and the 2021 winter storm in Texas that left a lot of the state with out gentle or warmth for days.

But power specialists say these calamities and their impact on electrical grids shouldn’t have been shocking. In many locations, utilities have uncared for to sufficiently keep and enhance electrical grids for many years, and regulators and lawmakers have largely appeared the opposite manner.

“The problem with the electric utilities in the United States is they act like the protected monopolies in the face of catastrophic risk,” mentioned Michael Wara, a scholar centered on local weather and power coverage at Stanford University who thinks Hawaiian Electric may have achieved much more to stop its gear from turning into a possible reason for fires. “But nature doesn’t care that they’re a protected monopoly. You need to act like a regular company facing a major risk.”

The trade has identified for years {that electrical} gear can set off fires when excessive winds trigger poles and energy traces to interrupt and collide with dry vegetation. Power traces can even set off fires in the event that they develop into overloaded as a result of utilities haven’t upgraded them or put in place different safeguards.

“Substantial investments in adaptation, hardening and resilience are being made to help mitigate risk,” mentioned Scott Aaronson, senior vp of safety and preparedness on the Edison Electric Institute, a utility trade commerce group.

Electric utilities in California have needed to pay billions of {dollars} to fireside victims lately. Hawaiian Electric may need to make massive payouts, too. At least 4 lawsuits have been filed on behalf of Maui residents, and the corporate’s shares and bond costs have plunged.

In a securities submitting on Friday, Hawaiian Electric mentioned that it was consulting with advisers because it seeks “to endure as a financially strong utility that Maui and this state need.”

Officials from the U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, together with {an electrical} engineer, are helping the Maui fireplace division decide the reason for the hearth. The bureau is the first federal company that investigates fires and arson.

Hawaiian Electric is a novel utility. Because the state is made up of many islands unfold over 1,500 miles, the corporate operates many electrical grids and imports gas to run energy crops. As a end result, the state has the very best electrical energy charges within the nation. That makes it a lot tougher for the corporate and the state to put money into costly grid upgrades.

“There’s always been a push and pull on how to pay for it,” State Senator Gilbert S.C. Keith-Agaran mentioned, referring to plans to enhance the electrical grid. “The utility doesn’t want to pay for it unless they can pass on the cost to the ratepayers.”

The $190 million proposal Hawaiian Electric made to enhance its grid would, amongst different issues, have changed getting older energy poles with new ones, together with 80 in Maui. Energy specialists mentioned most of the firm’s poles had been most likely not robust sufficient to face up to winds that hit Lahaina.

Some of the corporate’s poles are surrounded by invasive grasses that may develop into explosive tinder within the dry season. Experts have lengthy warned that too little was being achieved to verify the unfold and progress of the grasses.

“A lot of our concerns were that this infrastructure is way past due,” Jennifer Potter, a former member of the Hawaii Public Utilities Commission who lives on Maui, mentioned, pointing particularly to the poles. “Many that have been compromised have been compromised for years.”

Ms. Potter left the fee in November after 4 years there.

The fee didn’t reply to a request for remark.

Hawaiian Electric mentioned it had spent $111 million on vegetation administration and $287 million on gear substitute, strengthening the grid, inspections and utilizing expertise like drones and laser imagery to watch and management the grid since 2018.

“We’re going to look at every decision we made, every tactic we employed to act on the wildfire threat on Maui,” mentioned Jim Kelly, a spokesman for the utility. “Outside voices speak confidently about what happened and what we did or didn’t do, but the facts are that we took the threat seriously and were confronted by an extraordinary climatological event on Aug. 8.”

But some specialists say Hawaiian Electric ought to have achieved extra.

Mr. Wara mentioned that Hawaiian Electric may have established an influence shut-off program in session with native authorities and emergency companies. In California, after warning residents and native officers, utilities shut off energy when excessive winds method to cut back the possibility that energy traces will ignite fires.

Henry Curtis, govt director of Life of the Land, a Hawaii nonprofit group that represents shoppers earlier than the state Public Utilities Commission, mentioned he “strongly supports” energy shut-off packages. The utility, he mentioned, has been dismissive of the thought.

“We’ve been raising climate change for more than two decades, and the utility has been really slow in dealing with it,” Mr. Curtis mentioned. “Certainly Hawaiian Electric knew that Lahaina was the most vulnerable place. They’ve known that for years.”

Shelee Kimura, Hawaiian Electric’s chief govt, mentioned after the hearth that the corporate had not shut off energy in Lahaina as a result of electrical energy was wanted to maintain water pumps and medical units operating.

“In Lahaina, the electricity powers the pumps that provide the water — and so that was also a critical need during that time,” Ms. Kimura mentioned at a news convention on Monday. “There are choices that need to be made — and all of those factors play into it.”

Many residents in California have complained about utility energy shut-off packages. Utilities there have provide you with methods to deal with a few of the considerations raised by residents and Ms. Kimura. San Diego Gas & Electric opens shelters which have electrical energy for residents dealing with an influence shut-off. The utility additionally supplies backup mills to energy water pumps and different vital gear.

Lawmakers in Hawaii, seeing the rising menace of utmost climate linked to local weather change, additionally pursued measures to bolster the grid. Having seen the vulnerabilities of Puerto Rico in Hurricane Maria in 2017, Lorraine R. Inouye, a state senator, introduced a bill in 2018 geared toward strengthening electrical gear to raised face up to pure disasters. The invoice didn’t advance.

“If it went into effect, today we would have been in a better position,” she mentioned.