On the ultimate night time of his go to to Washington in late June, after 15 standing ovations in Congress and an opulent White House dinner tailor-made to his vegetarian tastes, Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India set time apart to courtroom and be cheered by one other necessary constituency: the Indian diaspora.

Backstage on the Kennedy Center, as enterprise leaders in bespoke fits and fantastic silk saris filtered right into a 1,200-seat theater, Mr. Modi met with a handful of entrepreneurs. Most had been younger, educated in India, made wealthy in America, and keen to attach with the person who presents himself as a guru to the world, preaching how that is “the century of India.”

“Thank you for lifting the image and spirits of Indian Americans,” Umesh Sachdev, 37, informed the prime minister, explaining that he was the founding father of Uniphore, a man-made intelligence enterprise valued at $2.5 billion, with workplaces in India and California. Mr. Modi tapped Mr. Sachdev’s shoulder and exclaimed “waah,” or wow in Hindi.

With an emphasis on nationwide delight, Mr. Modi and his conservative Hindu-first Bharatiya Janata Party have cultivated a surprisingly robust relationship with India’s profitable diaspora. The bond has been strengthened by a worldwide political machine, supercharged beneath Mr. Modi with get together workplaces in dozens of nations and 1000’s of volunteers. And it has allowed Mr. Modi to fuse his personal picture — and his rubric of elevating India — with celebrity executives and highly effective, typically extra liberal constituencies within the United States, Britain, Australia and plenty of different nations.

No different world chief appears to attract such a gentle circulate of diaspora welcome events, most not too long ago in Paris, New York and Cairo, or large audiences, together with 20,000 fans at a rally in Australia in May. Mr. Modi was in France on Friday because the visitor of honor on the annual Bastille Day parade, and with elections subsequent yr in India, the sample has been set.

“The B.J.P. leadership wants to show its strength abroad, to create strength at home,” mentioned Sameer Lalwani, a senior knowledgeable on South Asia on the U.S. Institute of Peace.

But in some corners of the diaspora, strains are rising. Many Indian professionals who cheer when Mr. Modi boasts that India has develop into the world’s fifth-largest economic system — who gush about new infrastructure and extra fashionable cities — additionally worry that his authorities’s Hindu-supremacist insurance policies and rising intolerance of scrutiny will preserve India from really standing as a superpower and democratic various to China.

Vinod Khosla, a distinguished Silicon Valley investor, who has typically pushed for closer U.S.-India relations, mentioned in an interview that India’s biggest threat is a disruption to financial progress from the instability and inequality infected by Hindu nationalism. Others fear that Mr. Modi, in a bubble of political movie star and non secular certitude, is ignoring the fragility of constructive momentum in a fancy, numerous and risky nation of 1.4 billion individuals.

“The demographics only work for India if there is progressivism and inclusion,” mentioned Arun Subramony, a non-public fairness banker in Washington with digital, well being and different investments in India. “The party has to make an extra effort to make clear that India is for everyone.”

Techno-Utopian Dreams

The bond between the diaspora and the B.J.P. started with pragmatism — and with the primary B.J.P. prime minister, Atal Bihari Vajpayee, who promoted data know-how as the answer to India’s improvement issues within the late Nineties.

Kanwal Rekhi, the primary Indian American to take an organization public on the Nasdaq, heard Mr. Vajpayee’s speeches and thought: This man will get it. He requested for a gathering and arrived in New Delhi in April 2000, main a gaggle referred to as The IndUS Entrepreneurs, or TiE.

At the prime minister’s residence, there have been paratroopers on the roof and tanks close by, vestiges of a latest battle with Pakistan. Mr. Rekhi was there promising that entrepreneurship might bridge divides — India and Pakistan, Muslims and Hindus. Mr. Vajpayee welcomed their techno-utopianism.

“He asked: ‘What is your sense of India and Indians?’ Then he said, ‘Our future is very bright, and you need to show us the way,’” Mr. Rekhi mentioned in an interview.

So started a relationship with the diaspora that reversed many years of rancor, when those that left with college levels had been seen as traitors to India’s wants. Once Mr. Vajpayee made clear that he noticed Indians abroad as guides and consultants, that’s what they grew to become.

TiE made a number of suggestions, bolstered by Stanford professors, and Mr. Vajpayee adopted their recommendations. In 2001, for instance, his authorities loosened its monopoly on web infrastructure, permitting extra non-public competitors.

Naren Bakshi, one other tech govt within the conferences, recalled that Mr. Vajpayee insisted that the diaspora additionally play a direct function.

“If you care for India,” he informed them, “come to India.”

Mr. Bakshi purchased a house close to the place he had grown up within the state of Rajasthan, and he has spent 4 months a yr in India ever since.

In the early 2000s, he additionally helped discovered the India Community Center in Milpitas, Calif., a sprawling complicated in a South Asian suburb of San Jose that has develop into a hub for yoga, Muslim and Hindu holidays, weddings — and, more and more, conferences with visiting Indian officers.

“People here are very much involved,” Raj Desai, the middle’s president, mentioned over tea one latest morning.

In Silicon Valley and elsewhere, Overseas Friends of the B.J.P., the get together’s worldwide arm, has develop into a longtime presence. Helping with immigration points and different challenges, its members complement and compete with India’s understaffed corps of round 950 international service officers — a fraction of the roughly 16,000 who work for the United States.

Last yr — despite the fact that voting in India’s elections should be completed in particular person — the B.J.P. sponsored occasions with get together officers in Texas, New Jersey, Washington, D.C., and North Carolina, in addition to a number of occasions on the India Community Center in California, in line with its necessary registration filings as a international agent.

Visiting officers additionally convey collectively smaller teams for dinners and dialogue. Mr. Sachdev, the Uniphore chief govt, mentioned he had gone to a number of such gatherings, including that the conversations centered on enterprise coverage greater than politics.

He and different attendees mentioned they’d by no means been requested to contribute to B.J.P. campaigns.

But political scientists consider that the B.J.P. and Hindu organizations draw a major circulate of cash from the diaspora. In 2018, Mr. Modi’s authorities rushed by way of Parliament a law permitting Indians residing overseas and international corporations with subsidiaries in India to make undisclosed political donations. Spending on India’s 2019 marketing campaign topped $8 billion, making it the most expensive election in the world.

“There’s an absence of transparency, and it’s by design,” mentioned Gilles Verniers, a senior fellow on the Center for Policy Research in New Delhi.

In the United States, the B.J.P. registered its presence — a requirement for any international political get together — solely after questions had been raised concerning the financing of a large “Howdy Modi” celebration in 2019 in Houston with President Donald J. Trump.

In Australia, the group nonetheless doesn’t seem within the international transparency register, regardless of the prices related to Mr. Modi’s rally in May at Sydney’s Qudos Bank Arena, the place a whole lot of individuals lined up outdoors for selfies with twin Modi cardboard cutouts framing a large signal with “We ❤️ Modi” in vivid white lights.

“He’s the leader of the century,” mentioned Meera Rawat, after snapping a photograph with one of many cardboard Modis.

Her group had reached Sydney on a bus chartered by a neighborhood B.J.P. chapter. Several flights had been additionally chartered by the get together.

Asked concerning the course of, B.J.P. officers in Australia mentioned all the things was “fully funded by the local Indian community and businesses.”

Albel Singh Kang, secretary of the Australian Sikh Association, mentioned his group had initially been recruited for the occasion. When organizers declined to establish its funders, he handed. Indian Muslim leaders additionally stayed away, noting that members of Mr. Modi’s get together have called for Muslims to be murdered — with out robust condemnation from the prime minister.

Pushing for Change

Many Indians abroad fret about bloodshed in India, the place spiritual minorities make up 20 % of the inhabitants, and the place Hindu mobs are frequently accused of lynching people, mostly Muslims, for his or her meals, model of costume, or interfaith marriages. But India’s emigrant households additionally fear about violence leeching into the nations the place they’ve moved.

In 2021, males armed with bats and hammers attacked 4 Sikh college students in a automobile in Sydney. After one of many males served a six-month sentence, he returned to India, the place he acquired a hero’s welcome. Tensions among Indian immigrants in Britain, Canada and the United States have additionally been rising lately, together with vandalism and threats.

“The fact is, there are divisions within India, and they are bound to express themselves because politics doesn’t stop at the national shores,” mentioned C. Raja Mohan, a senior fellow with the Asia Society Policy Institute in Delhi.

Rising concerns about polarization are sometimes missed amid the Modi pageantry. At the diaspora occasion in Sydney, Australia’s prime minister, Anthony Albanese, in contrast Mr. Modi to Bruce Springsteen, calling India’s chief “The Boss,” to very large cheers.

In Washington, the place 7,000 Indian Americans joined him in an exuberant celebration on the White House garden, Mr. Modi mentioned at a news convention that discrimination towards minorities didn’t exist beneath his authorities. A couple of hours later, human rights activists gathered outdoors the gate, together with Muslims who had fled to the United States after going through persecution in India. The TV crews had already moved on.

Behind the scenes, American officers say there was extra nudging of Mr. Modi.

Ro Khanna, co-chair of the Congressional Caucus on India and Indian Americans, who represents the district that features the India Community Center, mentioned that he had spoken to Mr. Modi concerning the significance of pluralism.

“I want us to be very much focused on strengthening the U.S.-India relationship under the principle of India’s founding and our founding,” Mr. Khanna mentioned, “and not a celebration of any particular individual.”

Some enterprise leaders say that Mr. Modi deserves their unflagging assist. “What’s important to me is, has he been able to put India on a trajectory of growth and global leadership?” mentioned Mr. Sachdev of Uniphore. The United Nations recently reported that India’s economic system had lifted 415 million individuals out of poverty prior to now 15 years.

Others have began mixing reward with pragmatic concern. Mr. Khosla, the distinguished investor, mentioned it was time to acknowledge that the federal government’s favoring of Hindus “can take attention off the principal path of economic progress, and set it back, and set back global relationships.”

Even in Washington’s supportive diaspora crowds, there was a mix of delight and appeals for moderation, for equal alternative and constructive critique.

Mr. Subramony, the non-public fairness banker, mentioned he grew up in southern India with out common water or electrical energy, in a compound of 10 households practising 4 completely different religions. He referred to as Mr. Modi “a very quick learner” who would hopefully defend India’s extra tolerant values.

“It’s also our responsibility, the people who are feeding Modi, who are being inspired by what is going on in India,” he mentioned. “It is our duty to make him change.”

Sonia Paul contributed reporting from Santa Clara, Calif., and Karan Deep Singh from New Delhi.