Tourists sheltered beneath umbrellas as they lined up at Florence’s majestic cathedral this week, searching for shade. Street distributors peddled followers and straw hats. Locals splashed their faces at water fountains, all looking for a respite from Europe’s newest warmth wave.

“It feels like home,” mentioned Alina Magrina, a 64-year-old vacationer from California, components of which, like a lot of the southern United States, have been hit by sweltering temperatures, too. “But at home, we move from one air-conditioned space to the next.” Walking within the solar in Florence was making her chest harm, she mentioned, stopping to purchase an additional fan on the Italian metropolis’s iconic Ponte Vecchio.

Extreme warmth has now turn into a fixture of summer months in lots of components of the world, not solely within the United States, however particularly in Europe, a continent outlined by its virtually immutable structure and methods of life. Yet, although Europe is warming more swiftly than the global average, annually it appears notably unprepared.

Experts say Europe’s governments have in important methods did not heed the alarms sounded practically 20 years in the past, when a warmth wave in 2003, the continent’s hottest yr on report, left 70,000 individuals lifeless by some estimates. A report published this week attributed 61,000 deaths in Europe to its searing temperatures final summer time.

This yr threatens to repeat the calamity. In some components of southern Europe, warmth waves began as early as May. The most up-to-date warmth wave — known as Cerberus for the multiheaded canine that guards the gates of the underworld — tilted temperatures nicely above 37 levels Celsius, or practically 99 levels Fahrenheit, in Florence, Rome and components of Sardinia and Sicily this week.

Another spherical of excessive temperatures, a part of the warmth wave brought on by an African anticyclone, is anticipated within the coming days, with peaks of 48 levels Celsius, or 118 levels Fahrenheit, or extra.

Since the scorching summer time of 2003, governments throughout Europe have put in place nationwide adaptation methods and commonly issued warmth warnings and pointers for residents. But they’ve additionally persistently missed carbon emission targets supposed to sluggish local weather change and did not spend money on tangible options.

“Europe unfortunately has not really used the time of the last 20 years well enough, to take the actions needed to reorganize cities,” mentioned Benjamin Kötz, head of sustainable initiatives on the European Space Agency, which gives policymakers with satellite tv for pc photos that may assist administrations plan local weather resilience.

“But we have to be fair,” he added. “It is difficult because it comes with long-term planning and a lot of investment.”

Part of the issue is that a lot of the burden has fallen on municipalities, which have restricted assets and restricted avenues for warmth mitigation in generally historic city areas which are prized and shielded from dramatic alterations.

Florence is pretty much as good an instance as any of the affect of rising temperatures in addition to the efforts at adaptation, and their limits.

This summer time, like each summer time, Florence, the cradle of the Renaissance, positioned in a large valley the place the Arno river traditionally facilitated commerce, is among the hottest cities in Italy. Last July, a month marked with uninterrupted excessive temperatures, Italy’s well being ministry estimated a 34 % enhance in deaths within the metropolis, in north-central Italy.

For practically twenty years, the town has been attempting to adapt to the altering local weather, refitting public places of work, colleges and hospitals, planting extra timber and planning extra parks in suburban areas. Yet Florence, like all Italian historic cities, has struggled in its makes an attempt to make its centuries-old metropolis heart greener and cooler.

Sitting in his air-conditioned, frescoed workplace inside Palazzo Vecchio, the Florence metropolis corridor, Mayor Dario Nardella, mentioned that “much was done” for the reason that early 2000s, however he added that there was “more to do.”

Florence’s hottest areas, mapped by the native college within the heart and a northwestern neighborhood, share numerous options: they’ve virtually no timber, and lots of cement.

Mr. Nardella defined that the town has planted 1000’s of timber and invested virtually a billion euros, or about $1.12 billion, to maintain vehicles from the town heart, constructing two new tramways to attach the peripheries with downtown.

When the primary tramline within the metropolis was inbuilt 2010, the managing firm even planted succulents between the tracks, following the precept that pure, permeable surfaces have been cooler than asphalt.

Mr. Nardella confirmed a rendering of the deliberate renovation of 1 downtown avenue, the place asphalt might be changed with pietra serena stones and flanked with orange timber. It was one instance, he mentioned, however making adjustments within the historic heart was laborious.

“The national law to protect the cultural heritage is an obstacle,” Mr. Nardella mentioned. “But so is our cultural identity and our history. Our cities have been like this for centuries.”

Experts agree that the modifications required for European cities to mitigate warmth is daunting. “Europe has a lot of action plans, but the scale of changes required to adequately adapt to climate change is huge,” mentioned Roop Singh, senior local weather threat adviser on the Red Cross Red Crescent Climate Center.

She defined that, on the city degree, each constructing and residential must be retrofitted to accommodate very excessive temperatures. Authorities must prolong shelters and well being providers to poorer and extra marginalized individuals, and to cut back so-called city warmth islands the place temperatures are notably excessive.

Urban adaptation consultants typically agree that each one sectors wanted an overhaul, “from building to transport to health, agriculture, and productivity,” mentioned Ine Vandecasteele, an skilled on the European Environment Agency.

Governments have to contain all administrative ranges additionally to handle water shortages and flooding, that are different dangers associated to local weather change. “Most countries are not aligned yet, but a lot of progress has been made,” she mentioned.

Scientists in Florence and elsewhere in Italy are pushing to introduce cool pavements to decrease the asphalt’s temperature and its heat-retaining capability. Los Angeles has dozens of miles of cool paving, a expertise virtually unused in Italy.

“Decreasing cement in urban areas is not easy,” mentioned Marco Morabito, a number one researcher at Italy’s National Research Council in Florence who has studied the problem of city warmth islands for the reason that Nineties. “But there is a risk, considering the global trend, that buildings in the city centers will have critical living conditions for longer periods of time in the future.”

He defined that vitality consumption for air-con will inevitably go up for residents in these districts as they struggle to deal with the intense warmth, and actual property will probably devalue. “The economic impact is more than we can think today,” Mr. Morabito mentioned.

In a research printed final yr, the Bank of Italy famous that local weather has an impact on actual property transactions, orienting purchasers or renters towards extra climate-resilient buildings and reducing the costs for houses that aren’t shielded from the intense warmth.

The problem isn’t Italy’s alone. Scientists consider that northern international locations, even when much less susceptible to very excessive temperatures, may have a more durable time dealing with them as a result of persons are much less used to the warmth. In 2010 in Moscow, 1000’s of persons are estimated to have died throughout a warmth wave.

Outside Italy, Mediterranean international locations like Greece have began eager about methods to manage, however in these locations, too, most of the efforts are native. The Greek authorities began utilizing reflective pavement within the higher Athens space, however the penalties of the 2008 financial disaster made it unattainable to scale up the challenge.

It took one other decade for Athens to introduce a chief heat officer to coordinate measures to fight overheating on the metropolis degree.

Even international locations alongside the Atlantic have taken smaller-scale measures. In the city of Cascais in Portugal, close to Lisbon, the municipality tried to create area for water to filtrate into the bottom, and it planted native species, that are higher suited to adapt to water shortages, alongside the streets.

In Paris, the administration has began a program to remodel schoolyards into inexperienced oases accessible to each college students and native communities, making a collection of shelters open to everybody. The mayor has additionally pledged to make the Seine safe to swim forward of an Olympic river race in 2024.

And in Copenhagen, native officers are eradicating parking heaps, to discourage drivers from taking their vehicles into the town heart.

Experts acknowledge that, in historic cities, a few of the basic methods to mitigate the warmth gained’t work. Habits like portray roofs white or making them with heat-reflecting roofing, obligatory in California, could be laborious to think about in a metropolis like Florence, which imposes limits on the supplies used to revive buildings as a way to protect the town’s historic character.

“Building materials like cool pavements have tremendously progressed in the past decade, but not the use of them,” mentioned Mattheos Santamouris, a professor of excessive efficiency structure on the University of New South Wales in Australia, and a world skilled in good city design.

The price of lowering the quantity of carbon despatched into the environment from Europe is near 260 billion {dollars} a yr, he mentioned, and, around the globe, the annual price of overheating will enhance from 400 billions {dollars} to as a lot as 1.3 trillion by 2050.

“It is also a terrible discrimination because the first victims of extreme heat are poor people,” Mr. Santamouris mentioned. “Ninety percent of those who died in 2003 were low-income people.”

In Lodi, a northern Italian metropolis close to Milan, a avenue employee collapsed this week as he was portray indicators in warmth of greater than 104 levels Fahrenheit. He later died in a hospital.