President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia at all times appeared to thrive on chaos. Now it threatens to eat him.

For the previous few months, because the mercenary chieftain Yevgeny V. Prigozhin escalated his feud with the Russian navy, Mr. Putin didn’t publicly reveal any discomfort together with his diatribes. The silence fostered the form of political ambiguity that has lengthy been a trademark of Mr. Putin’s rule: a administration fashion by which he appeared comfy with conflicts among the many elite as a result of they saved potential rivals in verify, whereas underscoring that final authority at all times rested with the president himself.

Now that method has backfired. On Saturday Mr. Prigozhin’s forces seized control of key military facilities within the southwestern metropolis of Rostov-on-Don and threatened to march to Moscow, creating probably the most dramatic problem to Mr. Putin’s rule since he was named Russia’s appearing president on Dec. 31, 1999.

Mr. Putin’s tolerance of Mr. Prigozhin’s outbursts this yr could have served his political functions, but it surely prompted officers surprised by Mr. Prigozhin’s verbal assaults on Russia’s prime brass to conclude that he loved the president’s tacit assist, analysts mentioned. It additionally additional emboldened Mr. Prigozhin.

“They were trying to decipher Putin’s behavior, because Putin was silent,” mentioned Tatiana Stanovaya, a senior fellow on the Carnegie Russia Eurasia Center, referring to senior officers within the Kremlin and within the safety providers.

The confusion over Mr. Putin’s private views solely got here to an finish Saturday morning, when the president delivered a five-minute handle to the nation describing Mr. Prigozhin — with out naming him — as a traitor and vowing to quell the rebellion the paramilitary chief had began. But the harm had already been performed.

There was no signal that Mr. Putin’s maintain on energy was about to crumble. Other highly effective males on the nodes of Mr. Putin’s casual energy construction — like Ramzan Kadyrov, the strongman chief of the southern Russian area of Chechnya, who controls his personal paramilitary pressure — publicly voiced their assist for the president on Saturday.

Still, the occasions had been a hanging consequence of the casual energy construction that Mr. Putin constructed up in his 23 years at Russia’s helm. For greater than 20 years, the system helped Mr. Putin safe his unmatched authority, making certain that he personally held the keys to wealth and affect in fashionable Russia.

People who know Mr. Putin say that the president has at all times been comfy with that customized system, as a result of it allowed him to entrust key duties to a trusted inside circle whereas stopping the rise of rival cliques that might undermine him. And it ensured that the establishments of the state — from the courts to Parliament to the news media to the a number of safety providers — remained mere devices in internecine energy performs mediated by Mr. Putin, fairly than sources of affect in their very own proper.

One Russian enterprise tycoon, reflecting on Mr. Prigozhin’s rise whereas talking on the situation of anonymity, mentioned that Mr. Putin’s method to his rule was at all times “divide and conquer.” As one other put it, referring to Russia’s rival legislation enforcement authorities: “You never know who will arrest you.”

A judo sparring partner from Mr. Putin’s youth turned a development billionaire and constructed Mr. Putin’s landmark bridge to Crimea. Buddies from Mr. Putin’s Okay.G.B. days now oversee Russia’s military industrial complex and its oil sector. A good friend from Nineties St. Petersburg is entrusted with management of Russia’s most vital non-public media belongings and of the financial institution mentioned to be on the nexus of Mr. Putin’s personal monetary dealings.

And then there was Mr. Prigozhin, who met Mr. Putin greater than 20 years in the past as a St. Petersburg restaurateur. He parlayed these private ties into profitable authorities contracts and styled himself as a ruthless, multipurpose drawback solver on the Kremlin’s behalf.

In 2016, because the Kremlin sought to swing the American presidential election to Donald J. Trump, Mr. Prigozhin jumped into the fray with an web “troll factory,” waging “information warfare against the United States.” As Russia labored to develop its attain in Syria and Africa, Mr. Prigozhin deployed his rising Wagner mercenary pressure to these areas — permitting the Kremlin to challenge energy whereas minimizing Russian navy boots on the bottom.

In Ukraine, as Mr. Prigozhin tells it, Wagner troops had been solely known as in after Mr. Putin’s preliminary invasion plan failed. For a lot of the battle’s first yr, Mr. Prigozhin appeared above the legislation, as he toured Russian prisons to recruit 1000’s of convicts to bolster his pressure.

By early this yr, the Kremlin gave the impression to be taking some steps to restrict Mr. Prigozhin’s rise. Television commentators had been directed to keep away from point out of him on air, and he misplaced his capability to recruit convicts.

But Mr. Putin appeared to vacillate on his personal assist for Mr. Prigozhin. In May, he congratulated Wagner mercenaries for his or her function within the seize of the Ukrainian metropolis of Bakhmut, in an announcement posted on the Kremlin’s web site. Weeks later, he backed the Defense Ministry’s push for mercenaries to signal service contracts with the Russian navy by July 1, a requirement that infuriated Mr. Prigozhin.

Now, as Mr. Putin scrambles to place down a rise up that he warned on Saturday might result in “anarchy and fratricide,” Mr. Prigozhin looms because the Russian president’s personal creation.

Mr. Prigozhin “had no real independent power base except the favor of the president,” Mark Galeotti, an knowledgeable on the Russian navy and safety providers, mentioned. “However this goes, it undermines Putin’s credibility and legitimacy.”

Neil MacFarquhar contributed reporting.